Non-Specific Patient Population. Number of Items Determined by the number of muscles being tested. Less than 1 minutes. Required Training No Training. Infant 0 - 2 years. Preschool Children 2 - 5 years. Child 6 - 12 years. Adolescent 13 - 17 years. Adult 18 - 64 years. Considerations MMT may not be sufficiently sensitive to measure strength in good and normal range.
Schwartz et al, Herbison et al and Schwartz et al found significant differences in strength change over time using myometry that were not detected with manual muscle testing with strength grades greater than 3. Normative Data Trapezius Muscle: Cibulka et al.
Normative Data Myositis Pfister et al. Scores are expressed as a percentage of the maximum potential score. Construct Validity Myositis Pfister et al. See Table 2 for testing methodology. Bibliography Cibulka, M. Find it on PubMed Herbison, G. Find it on PubMed Mahoney, K. Find it on PubMed Rider, L. Find it on PubMed Youdas, J. Save now, read later. What that information is depends upon the MMT system being used and what information is sought.
It is this latter form of MMT that this proposed study will investigate. Therefore, for the remainder of this application, the term "MMT" will be used to refer only to the second type "muscle response testing". The basic premise of MMT is that when there is some aberrant nervous system input to a muscle, it is less likely to be able to resist an external force. During a manual muscle test, an external force is applied to one muscle or group of muscles which at first causes an isometric then an eccentric contraction.
Consequently, the muscle being tested is labelled "weak" or "strong" based on its ability to resist this external force. A number of different techniques use MMT to test the body's physiological response to semantic stimuli, which may have both cognitive and emotional components.
Monti et al. A congruent statement is one that the person believes is true. An incongruent statement is one the person believes is false. The study by Monti et al. One criticism of using this type of self-referential statements is that in all likelihood both the muscle tester and the muscle testee know the verity of the statement, therefore, they are both unblinded, which may have introduced biased. While it is generally accepted by those who use this assessment tool that some bias exists in MMT, little is currently known about the degree of this bias.
Therefore the main objective of this study is to investigate the accuracy of MMT to distinguish congruent from incongruent statements under varying degrees of blindness. A further aim of this study are to explore if practitioner experience correlate with MMT accuracy.
Caruso and Leisman reported greater MMT accuracy in experienced practitioners compared to inexperienced practitioners. Therefore, this study will test the reproducibility of these findings.
There will be two groups of participants selected for this study: 1 Practitioners, and 2 Testees - where the Practitioner will perform MMT on the Testee as the Testee speaks a statement. However, for some statements, the Practitioner will be blind to the verity of the statement. Results will be analysed for percent correct - that is, percent of muscle tests which accurately predicted the verity of the spoken statement. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
In its original form, it was an academic discipline studying the movement of the body, and how the body moves.
Several academic Kinesiologists then focused on how the muscles causing movement could be assessed for their integrity of function using manual techniques. The following timeline offers a brief history of Kinesiology, bringing us to the most evolved modality practised today: Energetic Kinesiology. Early s: Boston orthopaedic surgeon, R. Lovett first developed the science of manual muscle testing. He used his muscle testing to analyse disabilities resulting from polio and nerve damage.
Chapman worked out that there were many points on the bodies of individuals who were showing various symptoms of disease, which, when palpated or massaged, would be tender. Chapman discovered that with continuous massage, these tender points or areas would become less tender, with tenderness often disappearing.
When next assessed, the tenderness was absent and this was associated with improvement in the disease condition. This, as well as improper testing procedure, inter-examiner bias and agendas, and neurological disorganization can all have an effect on achieving accurate responses and can call the efficacy of the test into question. George Goodheart adapted the contraction muscle test developed by the physiotherapy professors Kendall, Kendall, and Wadsworth to audit and expand the chiropractic realm.
He correlated the muscles to the meridian system and developed strengthening techniques based on oriental theory and supplementation to correct the imbalances he found. This was the beginning of the connection of various strengthening techniques for the correction of weak muscles which included working with blood and energy flow, nutrition, emotions, meridians, and acupuncture points. Information from your body's "software" system relays messages from the subconscious to the surface for consideration and indication of what type of treatment might bring healing or "balance.
In addition to standard orthopedic and neurologic assessments, applied kinesiology AK practitioners use MMT to identify what are believed to be immediate neurological responses to a variety of challenges and treatments. Tests of maximum force are actually less relevant to this use. It is also at this point that muscle testing can depart from the traditional, and enter into the realm of the energetic.
A variety of "challenges" can mean anything from food to a supplement to a thought, feeling or an emotion, or what type of modality or treatment is needed. It is also at this point where those testing often have the least amount of training.
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